Foundational Black Americans Grio
Literary Canon
Economics & PolicyPrimary SourceFBA Grio Verified Source

Homestead Act of 1862

United States Congress

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1862

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Economics

3-Minute Summary

The Homestead Act granted 160 acres of public land to any citizen who settled and improved it for five years. Approximately 270 million acres were distributed — but Black Americans were systematically excluded through violence, legal barriers, and the Act's requirement of prior citizenship.

Why It Matters

The Homestead Act is the largest government wealth transfer in American history. Its systematic exclusion of Black Americans — who had built much of the wealth that made the land valuable — is a foundational source of the racial wealth gap.

Where to Read

National Archives (free)

Verified: National Archives

Key People

Abraham Lincoln

Thaddeus Stevens

Key Policies & Events

Homestead Act40 acres and a muleSpecial Field Orders No. 15Racial wealth gap