Foundational Black Americans Grio
Literary Canon
FreedomPrimary SourceFBA Grio Verified Source

Freedmen's Bureau Records

Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands

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1865

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Freedom

3-Minute Summary

The records of the Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands (1865–1872) include labor contracts, marriage records, ration records, land records, and correspondence documenting the lives of four million formerly enslaved people in the immediate post-war period.

Why It Matters

The Freedmen's Bureau records are the most important genealogical and historical resource for FBA families tracing their ancestry. They document both the extraordinary aspirations of formerly enslaved people and the systematic violence used to crush them.

Where to Read

National Archives (free, partially digitized); FamilySearch (free)

Verified: National Archives

Key People

Oliver Otis Howard

Thaddeus Stevens

Robert Smalls

Key Policies & Events

Freedmen's Bureau Act40 acres and a muleSpecial Field Orders No. 15