Foundational Black Americans Grio
Literary Canon
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Executive Order 9981 — Desegregation of the Armed Forces

Harry S. Truman

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1948

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Liberation

3-Minute Summary

Truman's executive order declaring that 'there shall be equality of treatment and opportunity for all persons in the armed services without regard to race, color, religion, or national origin.' It desegregated the U.S. military after decades of segregated service.

Why It Matters

Black men had fought in every American war — in segregated units, under discriminatory conditions, for a country that denied them citizenship rights. Truman's order was a direct response to A. Philip Randolph's threatened civil disobedience campaign.

Important Passages

'There shall be equality of treatment and opportunity for all persons in the armed services without regard to race, color, religion, or national origin.'

Where to Read

National Archives (free)

Verified: National Archives

Key People

Harry S. Truman

A. Philip Randolph

Fahy Committee

Key Policies & Events

Military desegregationCivil rightsA. Philip Randolph's threatened draft resistance

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