Foundational Black Americans Grio
Literary Canon
FreedomPrimary SourceFBA Grio Verified Source

Civil Rights Act of 1866

United States Congress

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1866

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Freedom

3-Minute Summary

The first federal civil rights legislation, declaring all persons born in the United States to be citizens with equal rights regardless of race. President Andrew Johnson vetoed it; Congress overrode the veto. Its principles were later incorporated into the 14th Amendment.

Why It Matters

The Civil Rights Act of 1866 established that citizenship and civil rights are federal, not state, matters — a principle that Johnson's veto and subsequent Supreme Court decisions repeatedly undermined. It is the first legislative statement of FBA citizenship rights.

Important Passages

'All persons born or naturalized in the United States and not subject to any foreign power, excluding Indians not taxed, are hereby declared to be citizens of the United States.'

Where to Read

Congress.gov (free)

Verified: National Archives, Congress.gov

Key People

Thaddeus Stevens

Lyman Trumbull

Andrew Johnson

Key Policies & Events

CitizenshipEqual rightsPresidential vetoCongressional override