Foundational Black Americans Grio
Literary Canon
FreedomPrimary SourceFBA Grio Verified Source

Black Codes of 1865

Various Southern State Legislatures

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1865

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Freedom

3-Minute Summary

Laws passed by Southern states immediately after the Civil War to restrict the freedom of formerly enslaved people — requiring labor contracts, prohibiting land ownership, criminalizing unemployment, and establishing apprenticeship systems that returned Black children to their former enslavers.

Why It Matters

The Black Codes demonstrate that the South intended to restore slavery in everything but name the moment the war ended. Reading the actual statutes — not summaries — reveals the precision and deliberateness of this effort.

Where to Read

Freedmen and Southern Society Project, University of Maryland (free)

Verified: National Archives

Key People

Andrew Johnson

Southern state legislatures

Freedmen's Bureau

Key Policies & Events

Black CodesConvict leasingVagrancy lawsApprenticeship laws