Foundational Black Americans Grio
Literary Canon
LiberationPrimary Source

Strategies for Freedom

Bayard Rustin

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1976

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Liberation

3-Minute Summary

Rustin's collected essays on nonviolent direct action, coalition politics, and the strategic direction of the Civil Rights Movement. Rustin organized the 1963 March on Washington and was the primary architect of the movement's nonviolent strategy.

Why It Matters

Rustin was the most important strategist of the Civil Rights Movement — and the most deliberately erased, because he was gay. His work on nonviolent direct action, drawn from Gandhi, is the intellectual foundation of the movement's tactics.

Where to Read

Available at public libraries and online booksellers

Key People

Bayard Rustin

A. Philip Randolph

Martin Luther King Jr.

A.J. Muste

Key Policies & Events

March on WashingtonNonviolent direct actionCoalition politicsLabor movement

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