Foundational Black Americans Grio
Literary Canon
LiberationPrimary SourceEssential FBA 25

The Autobiography of Malcolm X

Malcolm X and Alex Haley

·

1965

·

Liberation

3-Minute Summary

Malcolm X traces his life from childhood poverty and criminality through his conversion to Islam in prison, his rise as a Nation of Islam minister, his break with Elijah Muhammad, his pilgrimage to Mecca, and his evolution toward a broader humanism before his assassination.

Why It Matters

Malcolm X articulated the anger, dignity, and self-determination of FBAs who rejected the integrationist framework. His evolution — and his willingness to change his views publicly — makes this one of the most honest political autobiographies ever written.

Important Passages

'The most disrespected person in America is the Black woman.'

'You don't have to be a man to fight for freedom. All you have to do is to be an intelligent human being.'

Where to Read

Available at public libraries and online booksellers

Key People

Malcolm X

Elijah Muhammad

Alex Haley

Betty Shabazz

Key Policies & Events

Nation of IslamBlack nationalismOrganization of Afro-American Unity

Related FBA Leaders